{"id":1443,"date":"2023-02-23T23:51:57","date_gmt":"2023-02-23T23:51:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/securitybriefing.net\/?p=1443"},"modified":"2023-02-23T23:51:57","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T23:51:57","slug":"%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-gps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/securitybriefing.net\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-2\/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-gps\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 GPS"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-global-positioning-system-gps\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a \u0625\u0633)<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a location system developed by the United States Department of Defense for military purposes. It provides accurate estimates of position, velocity, and time by using a computer network and a constellation of 24 satellites to determine the altitude, longitude, and latitude of any object on the Earth\u2019s surface through triangulation. The system has been operational since 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"civil-use-of-gps\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0667\u0660 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"principles-of-operation\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gps.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (x,y,z)\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To figure out how long the radio signal took to travel, the satellites and receivers\u2019 clocks must be set to the same time. This is because they both have to send out the same code at the same time. But while the clocks on the satellites are very accurate, the clocks on the receivers are cheap quartz oscillators that are not accurate. Distances with errors due to synchronism are called pseudoranges. The difference in the clocks of the receivers is another unknown that makes it necessary to use at least four satellites to figure out where the receivers are.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"calculation-of-pseudoranges\">\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648. \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645\u061b \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ground-stations-and-atomic-clocks\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0664 \u0643\u0645\/\u062b)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0662\u0664 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0664\u0668 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sources-of-error-in-gps\">\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> Water vapor in the troposphere, the layer closest to the Earth\u2019s surface, can slow down electromagnetic signals and cause errors in GPS measurements that are difficult to correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f:<\/strong> GPS signals can be reflected off surfaces before reaching the receiver, leading to errors in the measured distance. It\u2019s challenging to minimize this error as it depends on the GPS antenna\u2019s environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (S\/A):<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These sources of error can be categorized into those that depend on the satellites\u2019 geometry and those that don\u2019t. Selective availability and clock errors are not affected by the shape of the satellite, but ionospheric and tropospheric delays and multipath errors are very affected by the shape of the satellite. Each GPS position measurement has a value called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnss.ca\/app_notes\/APN-029_GPS_Position_Accuracy_Measures_Application_Note.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u201d that is based on all the different sources of error.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gps-applications\"><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648GLONASS\u060c \u0648GPS\/GLONASS \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Navigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0633 <\/a>(\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0660\u0663. \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0663\u0664 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a (RIMS) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0661\u0660 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 INMARSAT \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0663\u0665\u0660\u0660\u0660 \u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (<a href=\"https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/wide-area-augmentation-system-waas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">WAAS: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/a>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 (<a href=\"https:\/\/gssc.esa.int\/navipedia\/index.php\/MSAS_Space_Segment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0625\u0645 \u062a\u064a \u0625\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0633<\/a>: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 MTSAT) \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/joinup.ec.europa.eu\/collection\/rolling-plan-ict-standardisation\/european-global-navigation-satellite-system-egnss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 GNSS-1<\/a>, which stands for \u201cGlobal Navigation Satellite System 1.\u201d This system will combine the services of GPS, GLONASS, EGNOS, WAAS, and MTSAS. This will be the first step toward a European positioning system (GNSS-2 or Galileo) that will use a constellation of European satellites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648GPS\/GLONASS \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"in-conclusion\">\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a NOAA \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (GPS) \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (GPS) \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0640... <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/securitybriefing.net\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-2\/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85-gps\/\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 GPS<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1452,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mobile Sensing: GPS Location | Security Briefing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the sources of error in GPS measurements and how the NOAA GPS Toolbox can help. Explore GPS software for precise point positioning.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/securitybriefing.net\/ar\/\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629-2\/\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643-\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645-gps\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mobile Sensing: GPS Location | Security Briefing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover the sources of error in GPS measurements and how the NOAA GPS Toolbox can help. 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